Five Myths About International Trade

This is a lecture given by Robert P. Murphy, an Austrian school economist (a school of economic thought advocating adherence to strict methodological individualism. Austrians hold that the only valid economic theory is logically derived from basic principles of human action. The school has traditionally advocated an interpretive approach to history. The method allows for the discovery of economic laws valid for all human action, while the interpretive approach addresses specific historical events.) and anarcho-capitalisst author (a form that advocates the elimination of the state, the provision of law enforcement, courts, national defense, and all other security services, by voluntarily-funded competitors in a free market rather than by taxation, the complete deregulation of nonintrusive personal and economic activities, and a self-regulated market. Anarcho-capitalists argue for a society based in voluntary trade of private property (including money, consumer goods, land, and capital goods) and services in order to maximize individual liberty and prosperity, but also recognize charity and communal arrangements as part of the same voluntary ethic.) He is an adjunct scholar and frequent speaker at the Ludwig von Mises Institute - where this lecture is given - a libertarian academic organization engaged in research and scholarship in the fields of economics, philosophy and political economy. It generally advances a view of government and economics expressed by Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises.



*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_School
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute

An Example of the Effects of (Modern-Day) International Trade

International trade is powerful. The opportunity to become wealthy in lucrative international trade markets (regardless of legality) is motivation enough to do many things. A recent problem that has arisen

is the endangerment of elephants, who are being killed simply for their ivory tu sks and the profit that can be made from them. In a recent article (please see following), authors of a United States report are begging other countr ies to send aid for enforcement of bans placed in the 1980s on elephant poaching. The extinction of elephants is a very real possibility if dealers world-wide do no t cease buying ivory, it's simply supply and demand. If there is no demand for ivory, then there will be no danger posed to the elephants. As long as their tusks continue to line the pockets of those who illegally hunt and kill them, their lives will continue to be devalued. Here is the article:

Illegal trade of ivory reaches unprecedented levels in Africa: report*

Last Updated: Monday, February 26, 2007 | 9:04 PM ET

CBC News

The illegal trade of elephant ivory has reached such unprecedented levels in Africa that the authors of a U.S. report published Monday are urging western nations to provide more aid for better enforcement.

They say the trade has increased despite an international ban on ivory imposed in the late 1980s.

"Poaching right now has reached its worst levels in history," said Samuel Wasser, one of the report's authors and director of the University of Washington's Center for Conservation Biology in Seattle.

"We're hoping that a number of NGOs [non-governmental organizations] are going to get on the bandwagon and help renew their interest in the ivory [trade]," said Wasser, referring to groups such as the World Wildlife Fund and the International Fund for Animal Welfare.

Wasser said the poaching problem is so serious that elephants may disappear altogether unless western nations resume enforcement efforts that all but stopped black-market ivory trafficking in the four years immediately after the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora was implemented in 1989.

Since then, funding has dropped off and there isn't enough money to maintain enforcement, he said.

Before the 1989 international ban on ivory, between eight and nine per cent of the African elephant population was killed each year, Wasser said. But it's now more than nine per cent each year, he said.

Wasser said he hopes that NGOs can implement public campaigns much like one by WildAid, which has enlisted celebrities, for example, to encourage the public to stop buying shark fins for medicinal purposes.

In Monday's report, it is estimated that more than 23,000 elephants were killed last year based on border seizures of contraband ivory totalling 23,461 kilograms that were headed for Asia.

The report also blamed the rise in contraband ivory on organized crime that is meeting the growing demand in China and Japan where it's used in jewelry and carvings. One border seizure contained 42,120 hankos, worth $8.4 million US, which represented about 20 per cent of Japan's annual hanko trade. Hankos are personalized seals used to stamp letters.

The ivory demand has also increased prices. In 1989, one kilogram of ivory sold for $100 on the black market, Wasser said. In 2004, it rose to $200 per kilogram and it skyrocketed to $750 per kilogram last year.

The poaching hotspots in Africa include southeast Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia, Wasser said.

He has been working with other scientists and Interpol to track the source of poached ivory to help law enforcement agents work more effectively.

Over several years, they have collected genetic information from a variety of populations by sampling tissue and dung from known elephant populations and have compiled the data into a DNA-based map showing genetic differences between elephant populations.

Using that information, the scientists were able to detect whether the elephants originated from forests or savannahs.

* http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/02/26/elephant-report.html